The sustained nationwide protests that have gripped Iran since late December have divided global opinion, with some governments raising concern about what they fear are foreign, instigated riots, while others have accused Iran’s leaders of responding violently to those protesting.
Several senior Iranian figures have acknowledged the grievances of the demonstrators but have attempted to distinguish between people motivated by economic duress and rising costs, and what they have described as rioters seeking to “sow discord”, as Iran’s Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi stated.
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Araghchi has said Iran is not seeking war but told Al Jazeera that Tehran was “prepared for all options”.
The semiofficial Tasnim news agency reported on Sunday that 109 security personnel had been killed in the protests.
Authorities have not confirmed the number of demonstrators who have been killed, but opposition activists based outside the country said the death toll is higher and includes hundreds of protesters.
Al Jazeera cannot independently verify either figure.
Here’s a look at how countries and key global organisations are reacting.
United States
President Donald Trump has warned Iran’s leaders against using lethal force against demonstrators and has repeatedly said the US is considering military action.
“The military is looking at it, and we’re looking at some very strong options. We’ll make a determination,” he told reporters on board Air Force One late on Sunday.
Last week, in a post on Truth Social, Trump’s social media site, he said: “Iran is looking at FREEDOM, perhaps like never before. The USA stands ready to help!!!”
Israel
Iran’s most hostile regional foe, Israel, has strongly backed the demonstrators, with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu commending the “tremendous heroism of the citizens of Iran” during a cabinet meeting.
The Israeli army has separately said the protests are internal but that the army is “equipped to respond with power if need be”.
United Kingdom
A minister also refused to rule out the possibility of backing military action, with Peter Kyle telling broadcaster Sky News, “There’s lots of ifs”.
The Conservative opposition leader, Kemi Badenoch, told the BBC: “Given the threat that we’re seeing to the people, I think that would be right.”
European Union
The EU has said it stands “ready to propose new sanctions”, adding to the range the 27-member bloc already has in place.
The UK, along with Germany and France, issued a joint statement last week saying they “strongly condemned” the killing of protesters.
Germany
Germany’s chancellor, Friedrich Merz, predicted the last days of Iran’s Islamic republic, telling reporters while on a trip in India that when “a regime can only hold on to power through violence, then it is effectively finished”.
Germany, which has close commercial and military ties with Israel, and has staunchly supported its genocidal war against Palestinians in Gaza, previously described what it called Iran’s violent response as a sign of “weakness” and not strength.
Japan
Foreign Minister Toshimitsu Motegi said the Japanese government “strongly calls for the immediate cessation of violence and strongly hopes for an early settlement of the situation”.
China
China’s government has taken a line closer to Iran’s, expressing its opposition to external “interference in other countries’ internal affairs”, with a Foreign Ministry spokesperson adding that “the sovereignty and security of all nations should be fully protected by international law.”
Russia
Sergei Shoigu, secretary of Russia’s Security Council and former defence minister, speaking about the protests following a call with Ali Larijani, secretary of Iran’s National Security Council, “condemned” what he said was “the latest attempt by foreign forces to interfere in Iran’s internal affairs”.
Turkiye
Turkiye’s foreign minister, Hakan Fidan, who was previously the country’s intelligence chief, said the protests were “manipulated by Iran’s rivals from abroad”, naming Israel’s intelligence service as having a hand.
“Mossad doesn’t hide it; they are calling on the Iranian people to revolt against the regime through their own internet and Twitter accounts,” he said.
United Nations
UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres says he is “shocked” by reports of violence against protesters in Iran and called on the government to show restraint.
“All Iranians must be able to express their grievances peacefully and without fear,” he added.
