The Bank of England has left interest rates unchanged at 3.75% but warned that the UK may need to brace for hikes later this year, as “higher inflation is unavoidable” as a result of the war in the Middle East.
The Bank’s rate-setting monetary policy committee (MPC) voted to leave borrowing costs on hold on Thursday, with its nine-member committee split 8-1 in their decision.
Andrew Bailey, the governor of the Bank of England, said: “The war in the Middle East is causing inflation to rise again this year.”
He added that the policymakers were monitoring the global situation and its impact on the UK economy “very closely”, but that the decision to hold rates at 3.75% for now is a “reasonable place given the situation of the economy and the unpredictability of events in the Middle East”.
The committee’s role is to try to help keep UK inflation at a target of 2%. It has cut interest rates six times since mid-2024 and had been expected to make further reductions this year before the US-Israeli war on Iran began.
However, the Bank said the conflict in the Middle East meant that the outlook for inflation was “a very different picture from three months ago” when it was expected to fall to 2% by the middle of the year. Instead the latest figures from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) figures showed the rate of inflation in the UK rose to 3.3% in March, up from 3% in February.
The Bank said the sharp rise in energy prices is already being felt in the UK in the form of higher fuel costs and is likely to push inflation higher as the effect of these higher energy prices pass through the economy.
However, while policymakers believe that higher global energy prices will have a direct effect on pushing up fuel costs and energy bills, they said the impact of second-round effects is likely to be restrained. The Bank said demand for labour in the UK is subdued and unemployment has been rising since 2024, making it harder for workers to bargain for higher wages. Similarly, companies’ ability to increase prices is likely to be constrained by weak demand from consumers amid shaky consumer confidence.
A chart showing changes to interest rates since 2005
“Relative to the previous energy shock of 2022 [after the start of the Russian-Ukrainian war], currents events were occurring from a starting point of lower inflation, weaker demand, a looser labour market, and a restrictive monetary policy,” the Bank said.
The only dissenting voice in this decision was Huw Pill, the chief economist of the Bank of England, who voted to raise rates to 4%. Pill said he saw the risk of second-round effects of higher prices and wages being “skewed to the upside” and warned that they had the potential to raise UK inflation beyond the near term in a “persistent manner”.
The Bank laid out three scenarios for what might happen to the UK economy depending on different impacts of the Iran war. In all three cases, inflation is expected to rise, and unemployment will go up to at least 5.5%.
Daily fluctuations to the price of Brent crude since 25 February
In the worst-case scenario, in which oil prices peak at $130 a barrel and remain at this level for a prolonged period, inflation is expected to peak at 6.2% in the first three months of 2027 and the Bank would push interest rates up to 5.25%, before dropping down to 2.9% by 2028.
However, policymakers expect to not be as extreme as this. In the more benevolent scenario A, oil peaks at $108 a barrel this year before falling to below $80 at the start of 2027 and to $72 by the end of 2028. In scenario B, oil prices also peak at $108 but remain higher over a longer period.
Earlier on Thursday, Brent crude hit a four-year high of $126 a barrel, but has now dropped back to $115.50 a barrel.
In scenario A, inflation will be 3.3% in 2026, 2.6% in 2027 and 1.5% in 2028. In scenario B, it is also 3.3% in 2026, then 3% in 2027 and 2% in 2028. Both cases see unemployment rise to 5.5% in 2027 and drop to 5.4% in 2028.
In scenario C, its worst-case scenario, unemployment rises to 5.6%.
The Bank of England’s deputy governor Clare Lombardelli with its governor, Andrew Bailey, on Thursday. Photograph: Kirsty Wigglesworth/AP
Bailey told a press conference on Thursday the decision was “a deliberately, active hold”.
“It is not the case that we’re sort of giving some sort of slightly clandestine message that interest rates are going to go up,” he said, although the Bank’s modelling suggests interest rates might need to rise under scenario B as well as C.
The decision to keep rates on hold for now, however, will come as a relief to the Labour government before the important local elections next week.
Rachel Reeves, the chancellor, had also announced a package of anti-inflation measures in her late November budget that she hoped would pave the way for more rate cuts. These included cuts to utility bills and a rail-fare freeze, both of which came into effect in April, and should temper a rise in inflation for this month.
Economic activity had showed some momentum in the UK before the energy price shock. In the three months to February, GDP grew by 0.5% and the unemployment rate fell from 5.2% to 4.9%.
