{"id":41665,"date":"2026-01-14T23:23:42","date_gmt":"2026-01-14T23:23:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/?p=41665"},"modified":"2026-01-14T23:23:42","modified_gmt":"2026-01-14T23:23:42","slug":"predictive-coding-of-reward-in-the-hippocampus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/?p=41665","title":{"rendered":"Predictive coding of reward in the hippocampus"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\n<\/p>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"1.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Schultz, W., Dayan, P. &amp; Montague, P. R. A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 275, 1593\u20131599 (1997).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"2.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Keller, G. B. &amp; Mrsic-Flogel, T. D. Predictive processing: a canonical cortical computation. Neuron 100, 424\u2013435 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"3.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Schultz, W. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80, 1\u201327 (1998).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"4.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">O\u2019Keefe, J. &amp; Nadel, L. The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map (Clarendon Press, 1978).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"5.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Stachenfeld, K. L., Botvinick, M. M. &amp; Gershman, S. J. The hippocampus as a predictive map. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 1643\u20131653 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"6.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Levenstein, D., Efremov, A., Eyono, R. H., Peyrache, A. &amp; Richards, B. Sequential predictive learning is a unifying theory for hippocampal representation and replay. Preprint at bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.04.28.591528 (2024).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"7.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Sosa, M. &amp; Giocomo, L. M. Navigating for reward. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 22, 472\u2013487 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"8.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Lee, I., Griffin, A. L., Zilli, E. A., Eichenbaum, H. &amp; Hasselmo, M. E. Gradual translocation of spatial correlates of neuronal firing in the hippocampus toward prospective reward locations. Neuron 51, 639\u2013650 (2006).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"9.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Aoki, Y., Igata, H., Ikegaya, Y. &amp; Sasaki, T. The integration of goal-directed signals onto spatial maps of hippocampal place cells. Cell Rep. 27, 1516\u20131527 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"10.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Gauthier, J. L. &amp; Tank, D. W. A dedicated population for reward coding in the hippocampus. Neuron 99, 179\u2013193 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"11.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Kumar, M. G., Bordelon, B., Zavatone-Veth, J. A. &amp; Pehlevan, C. A model of place field reorganization during reward maximization. Proc. Mach. Learn. Res. 267, 31892\u201331929 (2025).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"12.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">O\u2019Keefe, J. &amp; Dostrovsky, J. The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain Res. 34, 171\u2013175 (1971).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"13.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Deshmukh, S. S. &amp; Knierim, J. J. Influence of local objects on hippocampal representations: landmark vectors and memory. Hippocampus 23, 253\u2013267 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"14.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Kraus, B. J., Robinson, R. J. 2nd, White, J. A., Eichenbaum, H. &amp; Hasselmo, M. E. Hippocampal \u2018time cells\u2019: time versus path integration. Neuron 78, 1090\u20131101 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"15.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Aronov, D., Nevers, R. &amp; Tank, D. W. Mapping of a non-spatial dimension by the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit. Nature 543, 719\u2013722 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    ADS\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"16.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Sosa, M., Plitt, M. H. &amp; Giocomo, L. M. A flexible hippocampal population code for experience relative to reward. Nat. Neurosci. 28, 1497\u20131509 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"17.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Kaufman, A. M., Geiller, T. &amp; Losonczy, A. A role for the locus coeruleus in hippocampal CA1 place cell reorganization during spatial reward learning. Neuron 105, 1018\u20131026 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"18.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Dupret, D., O\u2019Neill, J., Pleydell-Bouverie, B. &amp; Csicsvari, J. The reorganization and reactivation of hippocampal maps predict spatial memory performance. Nat. Neurosci. 13, 995\u20131002 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"19.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Lee, S.-H. et al. Neural signals related to outcome evaluation are stronger in CA1 than CA3. Front. Neural Circuits 11, 40 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"20.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Lisman, J. &amp; Redish, A. D. Prediction, sequences and the hippocampus. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 364, 1193\u20131201 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"21.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Aharoni, D. &amp; Hoogland, T. M. Circuit investigations with open-source miniaturized microscopes: past, present and future. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 13, 141 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"22.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Pnevmatikakis, E. A. &amp; Giovannucci, A. NoRMCorre: an online algorithm for piecewise rigid motion correction of calcium imaging data. J. Neurosci. Methods 291, 83\u201394 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"23.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Zhou, P. et al. Efficient and accurate extraction of in vivo calcium signals from microendoscopic video data. eLife 7, e28728 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"24.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Mosser, C.-A. et al. The McGill-Mouse-Miniscope platform: a standardized approach for high-throughput imaging of neuronal dynamics during behavior. Genes Brain Behav. 20, e12686 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"25.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Bussey, T. J. et al. New translational assays for preclinical modelling of cognition in schizophrenia: the touchscreen testing method for mice and rats. Neuropharmacology 62, 1191\u20131203 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"26.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Schneider, S., Lee, J. H. &amp; Mathis, M. W. Learnable latent embeddings for joint behavioural and neural analysis. Nature 617, 360\u2013368 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    ADS\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"27.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Xu, H., Baracskay, P., O\u2019Neill, J. &amp; Csicsvari, J. Assembly responses of hippocampal CA1 place cells predict learned behavior in goal-directed spatial tasks on the radial eight-arm maze. Neuron 101, 119\u2013132.e4 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"28.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Mehta, M. R., Barnes, C. A. &amp; McNaughton, B. L. Experience-dependent, asymmetric expansion of hippocampal place fields. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 8918\u20138921 (1997).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    ADS\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"29.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Berke, J. D. What does dopamine mean?. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 787\u2013793 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"30.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Glimcher, P. W. Understanding dopamine and reinforcement learning: the dopamine reward prediction error hypothesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 15647\u201315654 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    ADS\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"31.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Watabe-Uchida, M., Eshel, N. &amp; Uchida, N. Neural circuitry of reward prediction error. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 40, 373\u2013394 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"32.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Dayan, P. Improving generalization for temporal difference learning: the successor representation. Neural Comput. 5, 613\u2013624 (1993).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"33.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Gershman, S. J., Moore, C. D., Todd, M. T., Norman, K. A. &amp; Sederberg, P. B. The successor representation and temporal context. Neural Comput. 24, 1553\u20131568 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    MathSciNet\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"34.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Maes, E. J. P. et al. Causal evidence supporting the proposal that dopamine transients function as temporal difference prediction errors. Nat. Neurosci. 23, 176\u2013178 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"35.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Kim, H. R. et al. A unified framework for dopamine signals across timescales. Cell 183, 1600\u20131616 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"36.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Lisman, J. E. &amp; Grace, A. A. The hippocampal-VTA loop: controlling the entry of information into long-term memory. Neuron 46, 703\u2013713 (2005).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"37.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Sutton, R. S. &amp; Barto, A. G. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (MIT Press, 1998).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"38.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Amo, R. et al. A gradual temporal shift of dopamine responses mirrors the progression of temporal difference error in machine learning. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 1082\u20131092 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"39.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Foster, D. J., Morris, R. G. &amp; Dayan, P. A model of hippocampally dependent navigation, using the temporal difference learning rule. Hippocampus 10, 1\u201316 (2000).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"40.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Kumar, M. G., Tan, C., Libedinsky, C., Yen, S.-C. &amp; Tan, A. Y.-Y. One-shot learning of paired association navigation with biologically plausible schemas. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2106.03580 (2021).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"41.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Fang, C. &amp; Stachenfeld, K. L. Predictive auxiliary objectives in deep RL mimic learning in the brain. In The 12 International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR, 2024).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"42.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Lillicrap, T. P., Cownden, D., Tweed, D. B. &amp; Akerman, C. J. Random synaptic feedback weights support error backpropagation for deep learning. Nat. Commun. 7, 13276 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    ADS\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"43.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Miconi, T. Biologically plausible learning in recurrent neural networks reproduces neural dynamics observed during cognitive tasks. eLife 6, e20899 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"44.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Murray, J. M. Local online learning in recurrent networks with random feedback. eLife 8, e43299 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"45.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">N\u00f8kland, A. Direct feedback alignment provides learning in deep neural networks. In Proc. 30th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 1045\u20131053 (NIPS, 2016).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"46.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Overwiening, J., Kumar, M. G. &amp; Sompolinsky, H. TeDFA-\u03b4: Temporal integration in deep spiking networks trained with feedback alignment improves policy learning. In 8th Annual Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience (CCM, 2025).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"47.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Heath, C. J., Phillips, B. U., Bussey, T. J. &amp; Saksida, L. M. Measuring motivation and reward-related decision making in the rodent operant touchscreen system. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 74, 8.34.1\u20138.34.20 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"48.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Kim, C. H. et al. Trial-unique, delayed nonmatching-to-location (TUNL) touchscreen testing for mice: sensitivity to dorsal hippocampal dysfunction. Psychopharmacology 232, 3935\u20133945 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"49.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">Friedrich, J., Zhou, P. &amp; Paninski, L. Fast online deconvolution of calcium imaging data. PLoS Comput. Biol. 13, e1005423 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    ADS\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"50.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Lauer, J. et al. Multi-animal pose estimation, identification and tracking with DeepLabCut. Nat. Methods 19, 496\u2013504 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"51.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Pnevmatikakis, E. A. et al. Simultaneous denoising, deconvolution, and demixing of calcium imaging data. Neuron 89, 285\u2013299 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"52.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Sheintuch, L. et al. Tracking the same neurons across multiple days in Ca2+ imaging data. Cell Rep. 21, 1102\u20131115 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"53.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">Yang, W. et al. Simultaneous multi-plane imaging of neural circuits. Neuron 89, 269\u2013284 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"54.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">Chen, T., Kornblith, S., Norouzi, M. &amp; Hinton, G. A simple framework for contrastive learning of visual representations. In International Conference on Machine Learning 1597\u20131607 (PMLR, 2020).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"55.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">Kraskov, A., Stogbauer, H. &amp; Grassberger, P. Estimating mutual information. Phys. Rev. E 69, 066138 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    ADS\u00a0<br \/>\n    MathSciNet\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"56.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">Ross, B. C. Mutual information between discrete and continuous data sets. PLoS ONE 9, e87357 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    ADS\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"57.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR57\">Markus, E. J., Barnes, C. A., McNaughton, B. L., Gladden, V. L. &amp; Skaggs, W. E. Spatial information content and reliability of hippocampal CA1 neurons: effects of visual input. Hippocampus 4, 410\u2013421 (1994).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"58.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR58\">Floresco, S. B., Todd, C. L. &amp; Grace, A. A. Glutamatergic afferents from the hippocampus to the nucleus accumbens regulate activity of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 21, 4915\u20134922 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"59.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR59\">Barnstedt, O., Mocellin, P. &amp; Remy, S. A hippocampus-accumbens code guides goal-directed appetitive behavior. Nat. Commun. 15, 3196 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    ADS\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"60.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR60\">Kalivas, P. W., Churchill, L. &amp; Klitenick, M. A. GABA and enkephalin projection from the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum to the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 57, 1047\u20131060 (1993).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"61.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR61\">Ibrahim, K. M. et al. Dorsal hippocampus to nucleus accumbens projections drive reinforcement via activation of accumbal dynorphin neurons. Nat. Commun. 15, 750 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    ADS\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"62.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR62\">Russo, S. J. &amp; Nestler, E. J. The brain reward circuitry in mood disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 609\u2013625 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"63.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR63\">Kumar, M. G., Tan, C., Libedinsky, C., Yen, S.-C. &amp; Tan, A. Y. Y. A nonlinear hidden layer enables actor-critic agents to learn multiple paired association navigation. Cereb. Cortex 32, 3917\u20133936 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"64.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR64\">Krishnan, S., Heer, C., Cherian, C. &amp; Sheffield, M. E. J. Reward expectation extinction restructures and degrades CA1 spatial maps through loss of a dopaminergic reward proximity signal. Nat. Commun. 13, 6662 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    ADS\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed\u00a0<br \/>\n    PubMed Central\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"65.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR65\">Bordelon, B. &amp; Pehlevan, C. Self-consistent dynamical field theory of kernel evolution in wide neural networks. J. Stat. Mech. 2023, 114009 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\">Article\u00a0<br \/>\n    MathSciNet\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>                    Google Scholar\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"66.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR66\">Vyas, N. et al. Feature-learning networks are consistent across widths at realistic scales. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 36, 1036\u20131060 (2023).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"67.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR67\">Paninski, L. &amp; Cunningham, J. P. Neural data science: accelerating the experiment-analysis-theory cycle in large-scale neuroscience. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 50, 232\u2013241 (2018).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"68.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR68\">Jazayeri, M. &amp; Ostojic, S. Interpreting neural computations by examining intrinsic and embedding dimensionality of neural activity. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 70, 113\u2013120 (2021).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"69.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR69\">Urai, A. E. et al. Large-scale neural recordings call for new insights to link brain and behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 11\u201319 (2022).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"70.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR70\">Yu, B. M. et al. Gaussian-process factor analysis for low-dimensional single-trial analysis of neural population activity. J. Neurophysiol. 102, 614\u2013635 (2009)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item\" data-counter=\"71.\">\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR71\">Hollup, S. A. Molden, S, Donnett, J. G., Moser, M. B. &amp; Moser,E. I. Accumulation of hippocampal place fields at the goal location in an annular watermaze task. J. Neurosci. 21, 1635\u20131644 (2001).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Schultz, W., Dayan, P. &amp; Montague, P. R. A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 275, 1593\u20131599 (1997). Article\u00a0 PubMed\u00a0 Google Scholar\u00a0 Keller, G. B. &amp; Mrsic-Flogel, T. D. Predictive processing: a canonical cortical computation. Neuron 100, 424\u2013435 (2018). Article\u00a0 PubMed\u00a0 PubMed Central\u00a0 Google Scholar\u00a0 Schultz, W. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":41666,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[58],"tags":[5557,22143,22142,15916],"class_list":{"0":"post-41665","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-science","8":"tag-coding","9":"tag-hippocampus","10":"tag-predictive","11":"tag-reward"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41665","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=41665"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41665\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/41666"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=41665"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=41665"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=41665"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}