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I<\/span>n the echoing exhibition halls of Abu Dhabi\u2019s International Hunting and Equestrian Exhibition, hundreds of falcons sit on perches under bright lights. Decorated hoods fit snugly over their heads, blocking their vision to keep them calm.<\/p>\n In a small glass room marked Elite Falcons Hall, four young birds belonging to an undisclosed Emirati sheikh are displayed like expensive jewels. Entry to the room, with its polished glass, controlled lighting and plush seating, is restricted to authorised visitors only.<\/p>\n These falcons are granted Emirati passports, jet around the world and have entire hospitals that specialise in their healthcare. Some cost more than luxury cars \u2013 an American falcon at the exhibition will sell for AED 350,000 (\u00a371,000). The most prestigious birds travel in Range Rovers and Bentleys fitted out with a perch between the front seats.<\/p>\n <\/span>Falcons on display in Abu Dhabi. The traditional hunting birds have become symbols of wealth and prestige in the UAE.<\/span> Photograph: Courtesy of ARIJ<\/p>\n For thousands of years, people have hunted using falcons over the vast Arabian desert. In the UAE, however, this Bedouin tradition has evolved into a spectacle of wealth and prestige to meet the tastes of the modern Gulf elite. As falconry has become a multimillion-dollar international industry that stretches around the world, an investigation by the Guardian and Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism (ARIJ) shows that it is fed by a shadow industry of the smuggling and illegal capture of wild birds.<\/p>\n Far from the hot plains and glass skyscrapers of Abu Dhabi, in rural counties across the UK conservationists and police are reporting a troubling pattern. Peregrine falcon chicks are vanishing from remote cliff ledges and treetop nests unreachable without specialist climbing gear. Later, some of these chicks are ending up in deserts in the Middle East, having been issued with fabricated documents, according to police witness statements from people who bought them thinking they were legitimate.<\/p>\n Hundreds of birds go missing each yearKevin Kelly, National Wildlife Crime Unit<\/p>\n The cold climate of northern Europe is considered the ideal for creating tough, fast birds, and British-bred birds from established lines carry additional prestige. Legally only captive-bred peregrine falcons can be traded. Birds cannot be taken from the wild, as they are strictly protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act.<\/p>\n Exclusive data shared with the Guardian and ARIJ by Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) investigations shows that from 2014 to 2023 there were 126 reports of nests being raided, 21 of which have been confirmed using camera footage, DNA work or eyewitness accounts. All are believed to be linked to the peregrine falcon trade.<\/p>\n \u201cThere are hundreds of birds going missing each year,\u201d says Kevin Kelly, head of the National Wildlife Crime Unit (NWCU).<\/p>\n Demand for wild birds appears to be coming from two directions, experts and police say. The first is direct from falconers in the Middle East who want wild birds for racing. The second is from some breeding facilities that need them as parents to feed a booming appetite for hybrid falcons and legally exportable, captive-bred birds.<\/p>\n At the Abu Dhabi exhibition, traders will happily discuss their desire for wild-caught birds \u2013 although they are not formally advertised, as the practice is illegal.<\/p>\n <\/span>A female wild peregrine about to be released in Scotland. For falcon racing, Scottish wild birds are sought after for their superior strength and speed compared with captive bred racers.<\/span> Photograph: Murdo MacLeod\/The Guardian<\/p>\n \u201cBritish falcons are in very high demand in the UAE because of their record in winning races, their purity of bloodline and their speed,\u201d says one employee of a high-profile Emirati falconry body. He says most Emirati falconers prefer wild-caught falcons since \u201cfarm-bred falcons might come from mixed bloodlines, while wild-caught birds are pure and perform better\u201d. This preference for wild-caught British falcons was echoed by four other farm owners and sellers, as well as two falconers interviewed at the exhibition.<\/p>\n The demand for British birds has driven soaring exports. Last year, 4,000 peregrine or peregrine hybrids were exported from the UK to the Middle East, and this year the number rose to 5,000, according to the police. In 2023 (the last year data is available), 88% of all peregrine falcons exported out of the UK were sent to the UAE, according to data extracted from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (Cites) database. It is not known how many of those exported birds are wild caught, but police have identified at least some that are.<\/p>\n To feed the booming export demand, there has also been a huge growth in UK breeders. There are now about 160 breeding facilities in the UK, up from about 27 in the 1980s, according to NWCU. All of the facilities have links to the Middle East (either owned by a resident from the region or selling directly to a buyer there).<\/p>\n There are a number of wild birds within captive breeding centres up and down the countryPC Gavin Ross<\/p>\n The most valuable falcon for export is the gyr peregrine \u2013 known for its speed and strength \u2013 which has a peregrine falcon as the mother and gyr falcon as the father. The female offspring are infertile, which is why there is high demand for female peregrine falcons in breeding facilities. In 2024, 1,200 peregrine falcons were registered in captive breeding facilities, up from 750 in 2000, freedom of information (FoI) data shows.<\/p>\n DNA techniques \u2013 which rely on volunteers sending in hundreds of samples from wild birds \u2013 prove that some of these birds are wild caught. \u201cThe DNA work shows there are a number of wild birds within captive breeding centres up and down the country,\u201d says PC Gavin Ross, who has led the crackdown on falcon thieves.<\/p>\n <\/span>Peregrine falcons are bred at facilities across the UK, in part to meet demand for the birds in the UAE.<\/span> Photograph: Dan Kitwood\/Getty Images<\/p>\n Police don\u2019t have the capacity to inspect all of the country\u2019s facilities, but say more than half of the facilities they do investigate are <\/strong>non-compliant, with offences ranging from non-registration of birds and false declarations of parentage to selling birds that have been taken from the wild. <\/strong>There were 27 physical inspections of facilities breeding peregrine falcons in 2023 and 2024, according to FoI data \u2013 a significant increase from previous years. During those checks, 15 wild birds were discovered and confirmed using DNA testing.<\/p>\n These findings have been disputed by some experts in the industry, who argue that the trafficking is minor or nonexistent. \u201cIn reality, the level of illegal take described by the NWCU is a handful of birds per year,\u201d says Dr Nick Fox, director of International Wildlife Consultants (UK) Ltd, who has supplied the royal families of UAE and Bahrain with falcons.<\/p>\n <\/span>This year 5,000 falcons were exported from the UK to the Middle East, with the majority going to the UAE.<\/span> Photograph: Courtesy of ARIJ<\/p>\n \u201c<\/em>Breeding falcons in the UK has increased hugely over the past 25 years as expertise has developed,\u201d says Fox, who has an OBE for falcon conservation. \u201cBasically we have succeeded in killing the market for wild birds.\u201d<\/p>\n The suggestion that Emirati falconers are actively seeking wild-caught British birds is false, says Julian M\u00fchle, CEO of the International Association for Falconry and Conservation of Birds of Prey (IAF). \u201cComments gathered informally at an exhibition do not reflect the established preferences in the region,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n M\u00fchle says the discovery of wild falcons in breeding facilities \u201cshould not be interpreted as evidence of widespread criminality\u201d. Instances of chicks being taken from wild nests \u201cwhile serious, are extremely rare and, crucially, not linked to the legitimate falconry community\u201d.<\/p>\n Khaled Bin Soufan, a prominent falcon trader in the UAE, says there is \u201czero\u201d smuggling of wild birds from the UK: \u201cIt is not allowed.\u201d<\/p>\n The Abu Dhabi\u2019s International Hunting and Equestrian Exhibition did not respond to a request for comment.<\/p>\n Wild peregrine falcons spend their lives soaring above cliffs and cathedrals up and down the UK, slicing through the cool air at breakneck speed. A few will swap that for a life of flying over golden deserts and sprawling glass cities. Yet many kept in captivity rarely \u2013 if ever \u2013 fly, according to Ross. Some who spend their lives in breeding facilities are \u201ctreated like battery chickens\u201d, he says, fed supplements to produce up to 14 eggs a season.<\/p>\n Peregrine falcons were on the verge of extinction in the UK in the 1950s until the banning of insecticide DDT and stronger legal protection. Their return has been a conservation success story, with 1,750 breeding pairs in the wild. Now they are threatened by greed, says Ross. \u201cIf a blind eye was turned to [the illegal taking of birds], the peregrine would again be under threat of extinction.\u201d<\/p>\n <\/span>The return of peregrine falcons in Britain is a rare conservation success story but some experts say nest raiding has increased in recent years. <\/span> Photograph: Steve Taylor ARPS\/Alamy<\/p>\n The population is now classed as stable, but some areas are more targeted than others. \u201cLocally we\u2019re seeing a decline in peregrine falcons,\u201d says George Smith, who monitors 60 nests over an area of south-east Scotland. \u201cWhen they disappear, the food chain gets wrecked.\u201d<\/p>\n Smith has been monitoring the birds for nearly 40 years. This year he believes that four nests containing at least 10 chicks in his area were raided for falconry, and that nationally about 100 are taken. He tries not to get too attached to the birds he monitors. \u201cIt\u2019s pretty bad just now,\u201d he says. \u201cNest raiding was bad in the early 70s, and now it has returned.\u201d<\/p>\n Find more age of extinction coverage here, and follow the biodiversity reporters Phoebe Weston and Patrick Greenfield in the Guardian app for more nature coverage<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" In the echoing exhibition halls of Abu Dhabi\u2019s International Hunting and Equestrian Exhibition, hundreds of falcons sit on perches under bright lights. Decorated hoods fit snugly over their heads, blocking their vision to keep them calm. In a small glass room marked Elite Falcons Hall, four young birds belonging to an undisclosed Emirati sheikh are<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":40334,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[1715,336,522,4875,898,4631,11987,408,897,430],"class_list":{"0":"post-40333","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-environment","8":"tag-birds","9":"tag-british","10":"tag-demand","11":"tag-driving","12":"tag-east","13":"tag-elite","14":"tag-falcons","15":"tag-illegal","16":"tag-middle","17":"tag-trade"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40333","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=40333"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40333\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/40334"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=40333"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=40333"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=40333"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Vanishing chicks<\/h2>\n
Wild birds held captive<\/h2>\n
A \u2018minor\u2019 issue<\/h2>\n
Threatened by greed<\/h2>\n