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August 23, 2025<\/p>\n
3 min read<\/p>\n
The Brain\u2019s Map of the Body Is Surprisingly Stable\u2014Even after a Limb Is Lost<\/p>\n
The brain\u2019s body map doesn\u2019t reorganize itself after limb amputation, a study found, challenging a textbook idea in neuroscience<\/p>\n
The brain\u2019s map of the body in the primary somatosensory cortex remains unchanged after amputation.<\/p>\n
A brain-imaging study of people with amputated arms has upended a long-standing belief: that the brain\u2019s map of the body reorganizes itself to compensate for missing body parts.<\/p>\n
Previous research had suggested that neurons in the brain region holding this internal map, called the primary somatosensory cortex, would grow into the neighbouring area of the cortex that previously sensed the limb.<\/p>\n
But the latest findings, published in Nature Neuroscience on 21 August, reveal that the primary somatosensory cortex stays remarkably constant even years after arm amputation. The study refutes foundational knowledge in the field of neuroscience that losing a limb results in a drastic reorganization of this region, the authors say.<\/p>\n
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\u201cPretty much every neuroscientist has learnt through their textbook that the brain has the capacity for reorganization, and this is demonstrated through studies on amputees,\u201d says study senior author Tamar Makin, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Cambridge, UK. But \u201ctextbooks can be wrong\u201d, she adds. \u201cWe shouldn\u2019t take anything for granted, especially when it comes to brain research.\u201d<\/p>\n
The discovery could lead to the development of better prosthetic devices, or improved treatments for pain in \u2018phantom limbs\u2019 \u2014 when people continue to sense the amputated limb. It could also help scientists working to restore sensation in people who have had amputations.<\/p>\n
Study first author Hunter Schone, a neuroscientist at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, says that previous reports from some people with amputations had led him and his colleagues to doubt the idea that the brain\u2019s map of the body is reorganized after amputation. These maps are responsible for processing sensory information, such as touch or temperature, at specific body regions. \u201cThey would say: \u2018I can still feel the limb, I can still move individual fingers of a hand I haven\u2019t had for decades,\u2019\u201d Schone says.<\/p>\n
To investigate this contradiction, the researchers followed three people who were due to undergo amputation of one of their arms. The team used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to map the cortical representations of the body before the surgery, and then after the amputation for up to five years. It is the first study to do this.<\/p>\n
Before their amputations, participants performed various movements, such as tapping their fingers, pursing their lips and flexing their toes while inside an fMRI scanner that measured the activity in different parts of the brain. This allowed the researchers to create a cortical \u2018map\u2019 showing which regions sensed the hand. To test the idea that neighbouring neurons redistribute in the cortex after amputation, they also made maps of the adjacent cortical area \u2014 in this case, the part that processes sensations from the lips. The participants repeated this exercise several times after their amputation, tapping \u201cwith their phantom fingers\u201d, says Schone.<\/p>\n
The analysis revealed that the brain\u2019s representation of the body was consistent after the arm was amputated. Even five years after surgery, the cortical map of the missing hand was still activated in the same way as before amputation. There was also no evidence that the cortical representation of the lips had shifted into the hand region following amputation \u2014 which is what previous studies suggested would happen.<\/p>\n
Makin says their study is \u201cthe most decisive direct evidence\u201d that the brain\u2019s in-built body map remains stable after the loss of a limb. \u201cIt just goes against the foundational knowledge of the field,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n
Solaiman Shokur, a neuroengineer at the Sant\u2019anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa, Italy, says he was surprised to see the evidence shown \u201cin such a clear manner\u201d and that the results \u201ccontradict something that is believed in the field, and do so to some extent\u201d.<\/p>\n
Giacomo Valle, a neuroengineer at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden, praised the study\u2019s methodology and says it \u201cputs a final dot \u2014 or conclusion \u2014 on the debate\u201d about the brain\u2019s map of the body following amputation. \u201cThis is important proof,\u201d he adds.<\/p>\n
He says that the findings could have implications for research on prosthetic limbs that are controlled through brain\u2013computer interfaces implanted in the somatosensory cortex. The information is relevant to the recruitment of volunteers in clinical trials of such devices and for potential participants who might benefit from brain\u2013computer interfaces, he says.<\/p>\n
The study authors note that their findings also explain why treatments for phantom limb pain aimed at \u2018reversing\u2019 reorganization in the brain\u2019s map have shown limited success. \u201cResearchers may have missed the profound resilience of cortical representations,\u201d they write.<\/p>\n
This article is reproduced with permission and was first published on August 21, 2025.<\/p>\n
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