\n<\/p>\n
ProPublica is a nonprofit newsroom that investigates abuses of power. Sign up to receive our biggest stories as soon as they\u2019re published. This article is co-published with The Texas Tribune, a nonprofit, nonpartisan local newsroom that informs and engages with Texans, and Alianza Rebelde Investiga and Cazadores de Fake News.<\/p>\n
Jos\u00e9 Manuel Ramos Bastidas never set foot in the U.S. \u2014 at least not as a free man. He left Venezuela in January 2024, hoping to earn enough money to pay for his newborn son\u2019s medical needs. Born with a respiratory condition, the family\u2019s \u201cmilagrito,\u201d or \u201clittle miracle,\u201d had severe asthma and repeatedly needed to be hospitalized. The cost of treatment had become impossible to manage on the meager wages Ramos made washing cars in Venezuela\u2019s collapsed economy, so he trekked thousands of miles through a half dozen countries to reach the U.S. border.<\/p>\n
When Ramos arrived, he didn\u2019t sneak into the country. He followed the rules established by the Biden administration for immigrants seeking asylum. He signed up for an appointment through a government app and, when he was granted one, turned himself in to request protection. An immigration official and a judge determined he didn\u2019t qualify, and Ramos didn\u2019t fight the decision.<\/p>\n
The government kept him in detention until he could be deported back to Venezuela.<\/p>\n
In the months that followed, Donald Trump was elected president for a second term and began his mass deportation campaign. Among his first actions was to fly groups of Venezuelan immigrants whom he had labeled dangerous gang members to a U.S. military base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.<\/p>\n
Ramos, 30, panicked and called his wife to say he was worried that the same was going to happen to him. On a video call his wife recorded, he held up a document he said was proof that immigration authorities had agreed to deport him to Venezuela. But he worried that they would not honor that promise.<\/p>\n
\u201cI have a family,\u201d he said, staring directly into the camera. \u201cI am simply a hard-working Venezuelan. I haven\u2019t committed any crimes. I don\u2019t have a criminal record in my country nor anywhere else.\u201d<\/p>\n
A month later, a more upbeat Ramos called again. He seemed confident that U.S. officials would send him home. Ramos\u2019 family started preparing for his return. They planned to bake him a cake, cook his favorite chicken dish and go to church together to thank God for bringing him home safely.<\/p>\n
They never heard from him again.<\/p>\n
First image: Jos\u00e9 Manuel Ramos Bastidas\u2019 mother, Cris\u00e1lida del Carmen Bastidas de Ramos, rests with Ramos\u2019 son and her grandson, Jared, at their home in Venezuela. Second image: Ramos\u2019 wife, Roynerliz Rodr\u00edguez, holds her phone, showing a photo of her husband.<\/span><\/p>\n On March 15, a day after that call, Ramos and more than 230 other Venezuelan men were sent to the CECOT maximum-security prison in El Salvador, one of the most notorious in the Western Hemisphere. Without publicly providing evidence, the administration accused each of them of being members of Tren de Aragua, the Venezuelan prison gang it designated a terrorist organization.<\/p>\n In the months since the mass deportation \u2014 one of the most consequential in recent history \u2014 the Trump administration has released almost no details about the backgrounds of the people it deported, calling them \u201cmonsters,\u201d \u201csick criminals\u201d and the \u201cworst of the worst.\u201d Several news organizations have reported that most of the men did not have criminal records. ProPublica, The Texas Tribune and a team of Venezuelan journalists from Alianza Rebelde Investiga (Rebel Alliance Investigates) and Cazadores de Fake News (Fake News Hunters) went further, finding that the government\u2019s own records showed that it knew the vast majority of the men had not been convicted of violent crimes in the U.S. We also searched records in South America and found that only a few had committed violent crimes abroad.<\/p>\n Now, a case-by-case examination of each of the deportees, along with interviews with their lawyers and family members, reveals another jarring reality: Most of the men were not hiding from federal authorities but were instead moving through the nation\u2019s immigration system. They were either in the middle of their cases, which normally should have protected them from deportation, or they had already been ordered deported and should have first been given the option to be sent back to a country they chose.<\/p>\n Like Ramos, more than 50 of the men had used the government app called CBP One to make an appointment with border officials to try to enter the country. Others had crossed illegally and then surrendered to border agents, often the first step in seeking asylum in immigration court.<\/p>\n According to our analysis, almost half of the men were deported even though their cases hadn\u2019t been decided yet. More than 60 of them had pending asylum claims, including several who were only days away from a hearing where a judge could have ruled on whether they would be allowed to stay. Judges or federal officials had issued deportation orders for about 100 of the men, and a handful had even agreed to pay their own way home. Others, like Ramos, had spent their entire time in the U.S. in detention. They had no opportunity to commit crimes in the U.S.<\/p>\n Meanwhile, many of those who were allowed into the country had been appearing at their court hearings and immigration check-ins. At least nine had been granted temporary protected status, which gives people from countries affected by disasters or other extraordinary conditions permission to live and work in the U.S.<\/p>\n By and large, these were men who had been playing by the rules of the country\u2019s immigration system.<\/p>\n Then, the Trump administration changed the rules.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n Rodr\u00edguez reviews the video she recorded of her husband before he was sent to CECOT, a maximum-security prison in El Salvador.<\/span><\/p>\n A day before the administration deported the men to El Salvador, Trump invoked an obscure 18th-century law called the Alien Enemies Act and declared that Tren de Aragua was invading the country. Administration officials argued that the declaration authorized them to take extraordinary measures to remove anyone it had determined was a member of the gang and to make sure they would not threaten the U.S. again.<\/p>\n Following the March 15 deportations, the Trump administration moved to shut down their pending immigration cases. Since then, more than 95 cases have been dismissed, terminated or otherwise closed by judges, according to our analysis. They disappear from the dockets, some marked as dismissed just hours before a scheduled hearing.<\/p>\n Michelle Bran\u00e9, who served as a senior Department of Homeland Security official in the Biden administration, said it was \u201cvery un-American\u201d to deport people who followed the immigration rules at the time. \u201cYou can\u2019t retroactively say that those people were acting illegally and now punish them for that,\u201d she added.<\/p>\n Lawyers for the Venezuelan men have filed several lawsuits against the administration, calling the summary removals from the country a gross violation of their clients\u2019 rights. U.S. District Judge James Boasberg ruled in June that the move deprived the men of their constitutional rights and called their plight Kafkaesque. He wrote that the men \u201cnever had any opportunity to challenge the Government\u2019s say-so,\u201d and that they \u201clanguish in a foreign prison on flimsy, even frivolous, accusations.\u201d<\/p>\n The government has appealed the ruling.<\/p>\n Meanwhile, Ramos\u2019 mother, Cris\u00e1lida del Carmen Bastidas de Ramos, waits anxiously for any news about her oldest child. \u201cWhat is my son thinking? Is my son eating well? Is my son sleeping? Is he cold?\u201d<\/p>\n \u201cIs he alive?\u201d<\/p>\n Rodr\u00edguez plays with her son at their home in Venezuela.<\/span><\/p>\n Although the Trump administration routinely describes the men as criminals and terrorists, it has not provided evidence to support the claim. Tricia McLaughlin, an assistant secretary at DHS, defended sending them to the Salvadoran prison. \u201cThey may not have criminal records in the U.S., beyond breaking our laws to enter the country illegally,\u201d she said in a statement, \u201cbut many of these illegal aliens are far from innocent.\u201d<\/p>\n For example, she said one of the TPS holders sent to El Salvador admitted he had previously been convicted of murder. We obtained Venezuelan court records confirming that the man had been convicted of murder and was sentenced to 15 years in prison. McLaughlin said his case proved that immigrants had been granted status in the U.S. under Biden without being thoroughly vetted. Three former DHS officials from the Biden administration said the vetting process has remained standard across administrations, including during the first Trump term, and that many governments do not share criminal background histories with U.S. officials.<\/p>\n Trump has moved to strip TPS protections from hundreds of thousands of people.<\/p>\n Ramos, McLaughlin said, was a terrorist who was flagged as a Tren de Aragua member in a law enforcement database at his CBP One appointment. His family denies he has anything to do with the gang. His lawyers said in court records that U.S. authorities wrongly identified him as a gang member based on his tattoos and an \u201cunsubstantiated\u201d report from Panamanian officials. A spokesperson for the Panamanian security ministry said he could not locate any documents about Ramos.<\/p>\n At least 163 men who were deported had tattoos, we found. Law enforcement officials in the U.S., Colombia, Chile and Venezuela with expertise in the Tren de Aragua told us that tattoos are not an indicator of gang membership.<\/p>\n Albert Jes\u00fas Rodr\u00edguez Parra had applied for asylum and worked at Chicago\u2019s Wrigley Field before he was detained in November. He was deported to El Salvador in March, where he remains imprisoned.<\/span><\/p>\n Days before Albert Jes\u00fas Rodr\u00edguez Parra was whisked away, he appeared in immigration court and tried to convince a judge that his tattoos did not mean he was part of the gang.<\/p>\n He had come to the U.S. with a brother in 2023, applied for asylum and settled in Chicago. He told his mother that it was difficult to find work, but that he\u2019d gotten an electric razor, learned to cut hair and offered trims on the street. In January 2024, he was arrested at a Walmart in the Chicago suburbs for shoplifting about $1,000 worth of food, laundry detergent, shampoo and other items. He pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor, served a two-day jail sentence and tried to move on.<\/p>\n Rodr\u00edguez Parra, 28, got a job working in concessions at Wrigley Field, moved in with his girlfriend and sent money home to his mother to buy a refrigerator and a stove. Then, in November, Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents picked him up at his apartment. McLaughlin said he was in the country illegally and was a Tren de Aragua member. Rodr\u00edguez Parra continued his asylum case from immigration detention in Indiana.<\/p>\n He told his family he believed he would be released soon. But in early March, he was transferred to a jail in Missouri, then to one in Central Texas, then another in Laredo, in South Texas, each move bringing him closer to the border. Uncertainty began creeping into his calls home.<\/p>\n Despite the transfers, Rodr\u00edguez Parra\u2019s attorney, Cruz Rodriguez, who works for a small immigration unit at the Cook County public defender\u2019s office in Chicago, said he was confident in the merits of the asylum case. He felt optimistic when he logged into his client\u2019s virtual bond hearing before Judge Eva Saltzman on March 10.<\/p>\n At the hearing, a government attorney asked Rodr\u00edguez Parra about a TikTok video he\u2019d made of himself dancing to a popular audio clip of someone shouting, \u201cTe va agarrar el Tren de Aragua,\u201d which means, \u201cThe Tren de Aragua is going to get you.\u201d Close to 60,000 users on TikTok have shared the clip.<\/p>\n Rodr\u00edguez Parra scoffed at the notion that a real gang member would make such a video. \u201cIt would be like they were outing themselves,\u201d he said in Spanish. The audio clip has been used by Venezuelans to ridicule the widespread suggestion that everyone from the country is a gangster.<\/p>\n The government attorney also asked Rodr\u00edguez Parra about the tattoos that covered his neck, arms and chest \u2014 a rose, a wolf, carnival masks and an angel holding a gun. \u201cIn my country, it\u2019s very normal to have tattoos,\u201d he responded. \u201cEach one represents a story about my life.\u201d<\/p>\n He was also questioned about a suspected Tren de Aragua gang member who had crossed the border at the same time as him. Rodr\u00edguez Parra said he did not know the man.<\/p>\n At the end of the hearing, he pleaded with the judge to free him on bond. \u201cI\u2019m a good person,\u201d he told her. \u201cIf I was in a gang, I wouldn\u2019t have applied for asylum. I came fleeing my country.\u201d<\/p>\n Saltzman denied Rodr\u00edguez Parra\u2019s request, citing his shoplifting conviction. But she offered him a sliver of hope, reminding him that his final hearing was just 10 days away. If she granted him asylum, he\u2019d be released and could continue his life in the U.S.<\/p>\n \n Trump Administration Prepares to Drop Seven Major Housing Discrimination Cases<\/strong>\n <\/p>\n \u201cYou\u2019re not facing a particularly lengthy detention without a bond,\u201d she told him.<\/p>\n Five days later, he was gone. At what was supposed to be his final asylum hearing on March 20, Rodr\u00edguez Parra\u2019s lawyer sounded despondent. He had barely slept. He didn\u2019t know where the authorities had taken his client, but he\u2019d seen a video posted online of shackled men being frog-marched into CECOT. The attorney had visited El Salvador and was aware of that country\u2019s reputation for mistreating prisoners. He feared his client would face a similar fate.<\/p>\n He felt powerless. At the hearing, he turned to the government lawyer on the call. \u201cFor his family\u2019s sake,\u201d he told her, \u201cwould you happen to know what country he was sent to?\u201d<\/p>\n The government\u2019s lawyer had little to say.<\/p>\n \u201cI\u2019m operating under the same information as you,\u201d she responded. \u201cI have no further information to provide.\u201d<\/p>\n Update, July 18, 2025:<\/strong> More than 230 men the Trump administration sent to a prison in El Salvador were returned to Venezuela on Friday in a prisoner swap. Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele posted on X that he had handed over all of the men. In exchange, he said, a \u201cconsiderable number of Venezuelan political prisoners\u201d and Americans held by Venezuela were freed. The Trump administration had accused the men of being members of a Venezuelan gang, Tren de Aragua. U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio also confirmed the exchange.<\/p>\n Design and development by Anna Donlan and Allen Tan of ProPublica. Agnel Philip of ProPublica contributed data reporting. Gabriel Sandoval of ProPublica contributed research. Adriana N\u00fanez and Carlos Centeno contributed reporting.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" ProPublica is a nonprofit newsroom that investigates abuses of power. Sign up to receive our biggest stories as soon as they\u2019re published. This article is co-published with The Texas Tribune, a nonprofit, nonpartisan local newsroom that informs and engages with Texans, and Alianza Rebelde Investiga and Cazadores de Fake News. Jos\u00e9 Manuel Ramos Bastidas never<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11421,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[55],"tags":[2917,4789,4726,4790,2798,247,4727,2998,81,811,4791],"class_list":{"0":"post-11420","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-social-issues","8":"tag-asylum","9":"tag-cecot","10":"tag-deported","11":"tag-housed","12":"tag-prison","13":"tag-propublica","14":"tag-salvador","15":"tag-seeking","16":"tag-trump","17":"tag-u-s","18":"tag-venezuelans"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11420","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11420"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11420\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11421"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11420"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11420"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naijaglobalnews.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11420"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n Credit: <\/span>
\n Adriana Loureiro Fern\u00e1ndez for ProPublica and The Texas Tribune
\n <\/span><\/p>\n
\n Credit: <\/span>
\n Alejandro Bonilla Su\u00e1rez for ProPublica
\n <\/span><\/p>\n
\n Credit: <\/span>
\n Adriana Loureiro Fern\u00e1ndez for ProPublica and The Texas Tribune
\n <\/span><\/p>\n
\n Credit: <\/span>
\n Courtesy of the Cook County public defender\u2019s office in Chicago
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